Implications for Education Using Frueds Theory Essay

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire known until recently as Czechoslovakia. His home was Vienna where he studied and practiced medicine until 1938 when Austria was annexed by the Nazis. With the Nazi annexation of Austria he went into exile in England and died in London in 1939. Freud made a great contribution to psychology and learning theory with his discovery of the emotional nature of unconscious motivations. His personality theory – though not entirely correct in all its aspects – brought to our awareness the unconscious level of the human ‘mind’. As a result we are aware of some previously unknown aspects of human development. We now know that the mental conflicts of the neurotic are not fundamental conflicts of human nature. Instead they are based on the motivating forces and social conflicts of the social environment within which the individual personality develops and functions. The concept of ‘normality’ makes sense only within the context of nature of the social environment in which the individual is functioning. Freud’s scientific discovery of the unconscious has contributed to the understanding of the role of the unconscious in the motivation aspect of learning †¦the basis of the valuing process intrinsic to the human organism†¦ (‘intrinsic motivation’) and the importance of the emotional nature of motivation as a determinant for effective learning. This is of great significance to learning theory and consequently to educational theory. The emotional nature of motivation for learning is a key aspect of educational theory of the so-called paradigm of education for development of the person as a whole i.e. ‘holistic education’. In 1923 Freud described his constructs of the id, ego and the superego. The id is the most primitive part of our personality. It operates according to the pleasure principle and it simply seeks immediate gratification. Freud believed that every human had a life and death instinct. The life instinct is called eros while the death instinct is called thanatos. Both are integral parts of the id. And the energy for this mechanism is libido, a flowing, dynamic force. The ego is different from the id as it is extremely objective. It operates according to the â€Å"reality principle† and deals with the demands of the environment. It regulates the flow of libido and keeps the id in check, thus acting as a â€Å"control center† of the personality. It is the superego which represents the values and standards of an individual’s personality. It acts as an internal judge, it punishes the ego with feelings of guilt or it rewards, which lead to feelings of pride and heightened s elf-esteem. The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection. According to Freud, the disparity and development of the id, ego and the superego, determines an individual’s behavior in a given situation, which in turn results in the development of the personality. Freud placed great importance on the early years of a child as he believed that what we are as adults is determined by childhood experiences. Freud called these early years of development the psychosexual years of development. These early years proceed through a number of stages. Each child undergoes the different stages. These stages are the oral stage (first year of life), the anal stage ( second year), phallic stage (third through fifth year), a period of latency (from 6 to 12), and the genital stage (after puberty). Freud believed that as every child passes through these stages there might be a likely possibility that a child may spend more time in a particular stage then they aught to. This co ndition can lead to a fixation or an incomplete development of the personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and Electra conflicts. Freud believed that both sexes encounter and must deal with these turmoils, which result from boys developing sexual attraction toward their mothers, and girls developing sexual attraction towards their fathers. A boy may have feelings of jealousy towards his father as he is an obstacle between him and his mother. And, they fear retaliation by their fathers if they are caught (fear of castration). Since the boy loves his father, these feelings are repressed and he begins to identify with the father, adopting his values. Similarly girls develop hostility towards their mothers, unconsciously blaming their mothers for not being equal with boys. They assume that something is missing and feels inadequate (penis envy). Another major aspect of psychoanalysis is the development of defense mechanisms. According to the theory defense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the person from anxiety. Repression is when information is pushed down into the unconscious. This information is either unpleasant or undesirable and may cause anxiety. Very often this information is pushed so deep down into the unconscious that is hard to retrieve. Reaction formation is when due to anxiety feelings are replaced by the extreme opposite. For instance a person feeling hate will be replaced by love. Undoing is when the ego completely changes actions which lead to feelings of anxiety. In this mechanism the truth may be drastically distorted. Projection is when an individual tends to assign one’s own shortcomings on to someone else. Rationalization is when an irrational act is made to appear rational. Denial occurs in cases where the ego is threatened and a person refuses to acknowledge the reality or seriousness of the situation. Identification involves empathizing with the qualities or characteristics of another favorable person. Fixation and Regression are related mechanisms which occur during psychosexual development. Psychoanalysis is also a therapy. It is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how these unconscious factors affect current relationships and patterns of behavior, traces them back to their historical origins, shows how they have changed, and helps individuals to deal better with the realities of adult life. Though primarily of historical interest, an understanding of Freudian theory may give classroom teachers insight into the importance of unconscious feelings and drives that motivate some student behavior Implications for teaching When applying psychoanalysis to children or young students, a teacher must take a broad view by exploring the considerable range of psychoanalytic literature available.When applying psychoanalytic theories to children in the classroom, activities are typically categorized into either behaviorism or cognitivism. Behaviorism focuses on tangible behaviors, such as a child who will share her toys versus a child of the same age who refuses to share. Behaviorism also looks at conditioning and social learning to understand where a child picks up his personality traits and habits. Cognitivism looks at mental processes and events rather than tangible behaviors. Cognitive structure, or the structure and function of the brain, is of particular concern here. In cognitive science, psychologists are concerned with whether behaviors can be justified chemically or structurally in biological differences between people. When behaviorism and cognitivism are understood, teachers, parents and psychologists can attempt to answer behavioral disorders from a social conditioning and chemical perspective. A behavioral problem may be rooted in either or both areas of psychoanalysis. An example of a classic activity used for psychoanalysis in the classroom is role playing. During a role play, the teacher exercises control over the basic setup of the scenario. Students then act within those boundaries to produce original decisions and actions. In each scenario, a student knows there are things she should or should not do. For example, if the scenario involves seeing another child break a rule, the actor in the role play must decide what to do. Should he tell the teacher, attempt to punish or correct the child himself or let the child get away with it? Classroom activities around psychoanalytic theory can be public or anonymous. An example of an anonymous psychoanalytic activity is the question and answer game. Students write anonymous questions about social situations on a piece of paper and submit them to the teacher. The teacher will pass the questions back out to students, making sure each student gets a question he did not write. Students take the questions home and answer them overnight, and resubmit them anonymously. The teacher then reads them aloud for class discussion. 1. Learning is a process of active construction. Learning is the interaction between what students know, the new information they encounter, and the activities they engage in as they learn. Students construct their own understanding through experience, interactions with content and others, and reflection. Teaching Implication Provide opportunities for students to connect with your content in a variety of meaningful ways by using cooperative learning, interactive lectures, engaging assignments, hands-on lab/field experiences, and other active learning strategies. 2. Students’ prior knowledge is an important determinant of what they will learn. Students do not come to your class as a blank slate. They use what they already know about a topic to interpret new information. When students cannot relate new material to what they already know, they tend to memorize—learning for the test—rather than developing any real understanding of the content. Teaching Implication Learn about your students’ experiences, preconceptions, or misconceptions by using pre-tests, background knowledge probes, and written or oral activities designed to reveal students’ thinking about the topic. 3. Organizing information into a conceptual framework helps students remember and use knowledge. Students must learn factual information, understand these facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application in order to develop competence in a new topic. Teaching Implication Support students by using concept maps, flowcharts, outlines, comparison tables, etc., to make the structure of the knowledge clear. 4. Learning is a social phenomenon.   Students learn with greater understanding when they share ideas through conversation, debate, and negotiation. Explaining a concept to one’s peers puts knowledge to a public test where it can be examined, reshaped, and clarified. Teaching Implication Use Cooperative learning strategies, long-term group projects, class discussions, and group activities to support the social side of learning. 5. Learning is context-specific. It is often difficult for students to use what they learn in class in new contexts (i.e., other classes, the workplace, or their personal lives). Teaching Implication Use problem-based learning, simulations or cases, and service learning to create learning environments similar to the real world. 6. Students’ metacognitive skills (thinking about thinking) are important to their learning. Many students utilize few learning strategies and have a limited awareness of their thinking processes. Teaching Implication Help students become more metacognitively aware by modeling your thinking as you solve a problem, develop an argument, or analyze written work in front of the class. Teach metacognitive strategies, such as setting goals, making predictions, and checking for consistency. Focus attention on metacognition by having students write in a learning journal or develop explanations of their problem-solving processes. Conclusion Psychoanalytic (or psychosexual) theory deals primarily with personality and postulates that human â€Å"behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, memories, and conflicts† (Feldman, 1998, p. 26) that often stem from early life experiences. According to this theory, there are three basic structures of the personality: the id (which consists of the irrational libidinal drives that motivate the person to seek pleasure and sexual gratification), the ego (the rational part of the mind), and the superego (essentially the conscience which counterbalances the impulses of the id). Development occurs through a sequence of five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) which focus on a body part (or erogenous zone) that becomes the center of pleasure or gratification (Rice, 1997). Defense mechanisms such as denial, repression, rationalization, and displacement, which serve the important purpose of temporarily distorting reality to relieve anxiety or reduce conflict, are also important components of Psychoanalytic theory. Though primarily of historical interest, an understanding of Freudian theory may give classroom teachers insight into the importance of unconscious feelings and drives that motivate some student behavior.

The difference between school and life

Often times, the really tools that we provide kids with, in order to heighten their educational experience, turn out to be barriers that they must suppress foremost. American writer Tom Bodett one time said, â€Å" the difference between school and life? In school, you ‘re learning a lesson and so given a trial. In life, you ‘re given a trial that teaches you a lesson. † This is the attack we must utilize when analyzing the effeteness of computing machines of computing machines on our pupils. Modern society faces the hard undertaking of supplying the following coevals with all of the technological tools necessary to derive a comprehensive instruction, even while it struggles to get the hang the implements provided. As modern society sees a displacement into digital age, schools were non left unaffected. Get downing in the early computing machines and related engineering were topographic point into school scenes. The major statement was that computing machines would supply kids with research possibilities that extended beyond the walls of a library or schoolroom. The cause of presenting engineering into the schoolroom was spear-headed by, Massachusetts Institute of Technology mathematician, Seymour Papert. Papert sought, at first, to alter the job work outing method kids used by leting them to be to the full submerged in the experience. His thoughts warranted a trail, and led 100s of schoolrooms, across the state to have computing machines. As with all enterprises, if non implemented, supported, nurtured, and tested with the uttermost attention, it will fall far short of outlooks ; this is exactly the scenario that played out in these 100s of schoolrooms across the state. Old ages after the first personal computing machines were introduced to these oasiss of cognition, bookmans set out to mensurate the betterments that were promised. their findings were less than satisfactory. Yet it was a clear defect in their execution that led computing machines to be such a dearly-won failure. With bookmans and instructors left disgruntled ; it is of import to detect why this failure happened and how to forestall it from go oning once more. A expression into the background and inspiration for presenting such engineering to schools will supply at least, a basic hypothesis for why the computing machines failed to make its expected betterment consequences. In the 1960ss Seymour Papert was laughed at when he talked about kids being able to utilize computing machines as learning instruments and sweetening of their creativeness. So who is this adult male, Professor Seymour Papert who said that utilizing computing machines could assist kids larn and socialise more amongst each other. Born February 29, 1928 in Pretoria, South Africa, Professor Seymour Papert is an MIT mathematician, computing machine scientist, and pedagogue. He is besides considered one of the innovators of unreal intelligence, every bit good as being an discoverer of the Logo scheduling linguistic communication. Papert worked as a research worker at St. John ‘s College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincare Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva and the National Physical Laboratory in London before he became a research associate at MIT in 1963 where he held this place until 1967, when he so became a professor of applied math and the manager of the MI T Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, until 1981 ; he besides served as Cecil & A ; Ida Green professor of instruction at MIT from 1974-1981. [ 1 ] In 1964 Papert was asked to fall in the module at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he helped to establish the Artificial Intelligence Lab with Marvin Minsky. He so besides developed the construct for computing machine linguistic communication, LOGO, and several new thoughts for computing machines and instruction with the aid of major grants from the National Science Foundation. The LOGO linguistic communication is adopted global and has been adapted for the usage of new engineerings in Africa, Latin America, Europe and the USA. Along with Alan Kay, Papert pioneered early thoughts in the usage of computing machines by kids that would take to the development of the first construct for a laptop computing machine. In the past few old ages Papert concentrated to a great extent on working with pedagogues in Iowa, where he has sh own how to accommodate the educational usage of robotic building for immature kids and across gender lines. He became the primary influence in converting Maine Governor Angus King to boldly set up the province of Maine as the first province in the universe to encompass the one-to-one computer science with the arrangement of laptops in all 7th and eight class schoolrooms in 2002-2003. [ 2 ] With the support of President Clinton, the â€Å" Lunch Box to Laptops † provided a great chance to put Maine and its immature citizens in the place of national leading. Some believe that it is an indispensable constituent of Maine ‘s ongoing attempts to construct on a hi-tech economic system whilst others argued that the benefits of increased technological influence will non merely make kids but besides their parents. In the early 1990 ‘s President Bill Clinton had proposed a $ 2 billion plan to assist increase the entree to computing machines and the Internet in low-income vicinities and schools.2 With that being said, the President ‘s Panel on Educational engineering had argued that the federal authorities should pass at least between $ 6 billion and $ 28 billion each twelvemonth on an ambitious plan of computing machine substructure development ( for both hardware and package ) , teacher preparation, and research.5 A research was performed on pupils who used the computing machines in the schoolroom one time a hebdomad and were so given a trial by the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) to find if the usage of computing machines in the schoolroom had both a positive and direct accomplishment on faculty members. Now the analysis provided that the pupils did non accomplish a higher mark on the NAEP reading trial versus those pupils who did non utilize the computing mac hines in schoolrooms at all. Now one major consideration was that instructors were non decently trained nor prepared to utilize the computing machines, since those pupils of instructors who are non adequately trained to utilize them in reading direction may non execute every bit good on the NAEP reading trial as pupils whose instructors are adequately trained. Now such disbursement would assist to supplement the $ 1.25 billion in federal money that was already spent between two financial old ages ( FY ) 1997 and FY 2000 on the engineering Literacy Challenge Fund,6 which helps to supply support for new computing machines, package, and teacher preparation. Although it seemed that politicians were speedy to name for the authorities subsidies to increase the figure of computing machines in schoolrooms, there was old research on the effectivity of computing machines in bettering a kid ‘s academic accomplishment which resulted to be inconclusive at best.7 In other words, it was non clear that passing more and more revenue enhancement dollars on computing machines would hike trial tonss. The usage of computing machines in schoolrooms may non play a large adequate function in explicating reading ability. Therefore, giving big sums of federal revenue enhancement dollars to the purchases of computing machine hardware, package plans, and infinite hours of preparation for instructors, it could herd out other worthwhile educational outgos, for illustration, new text editions, the humanistic disciplines and music plans, and vocational instruction. There have been no studies that do non propose that there is no topographic point for computing machines in the schoolrooms. It does, nevertheless, demonstrate that computing machines may non hold the consequence on academic accomplishment in reading that some might anticipate, even when they are used by well-trained teachers. So was n't Papert ‘s nonsubjective carried out to the fullest? Why was the proving non relevant to computing machine? It is non surprising that people are rooted in a school ‘s construct of how learning should take topographic point resist such restructuring. What is surprising though is the logical deformation they resort to in order to carry themselves, every bit good as others, that there are more powerful nonsubjective grounds that make the transmutation about impossible. There are three major issues that were brought by, surprisingly by the schools themselves. What was stated was that the computing machine was intensive and far excessively dearly-won to give every kid in a schoolroom, when in world schools place computing machines on a little based budget, for illustration authorship utensils. In world the existent cost of buying computing machines for each kid would be between $ 200 and $ 500 and they would transcend their estimated life-time of five old ages. Secon d, it was stated that instructors would non be capable of supplying the proper cognition when it is needed to the pupils. Now if you allow pupils, of all ages, to work together so it would demo them a beginning of cognition in which if free networked computing machines fundamentally provide limitless beginnings of cognition. Last, it was said that this sort of â€Å" work † is contrary to the credence that leting computing machine usage in school would be balked at by both instructors and parents. This is merely an premise that it would be imposed on everyone else the â€Å" right manner † and it continue to be a job unless one chooses to accept this new alteration. Papert ‘s aim is merely ill-conceived and certain groups of people feel it is a waste of clip and money when it should n't be looked that manner. The computing machines that will be the polar force for alteration, will be of those outside the control of schools and outside the schools ‘ inclinat ion as to change over new thoughts into old ways. We are already hearing narratives about the influence in schoolrooms of kids whose entree to at-home computing machines and to a place acquisition civilization has given them a high degree of non merely computing machine expertness but besides of seeking cognition and criterions in what constitutes a serious rational undertaking. The figure of these kids are expected and will turn exponentially in the following few old ages. A countrywide study of instructors in classs 4 through 12 who are experienced and accomplished at incorporating computing machines into their instruction. Of 1200 instructors who were sent the 16-page questionnaire, merely 608 returned the completed studies. Now the intent of analyzing these instructors was to seek and detect the ways in which they can utilize computing machines in their schoolrooms, and how they believe their instruction has changed as a consequence of the usage of computing machines, and the sorts of barriers and inducements that are of import to them. Major findings show that these instructors: ( 1 ) are comfy with computing machine engineering, give their ain clip to larn how to utilize computing machines, and have local support for utilizing them ; ( 2 ) work in schools averaging more than twice the figure of computing machines than other schools ; ( 3 ) usage computing machines for many intents including showing an thought, direction, word processing, and advan cing student-generated merchandises ; and ( 4 ) expect more from their pupils, are able to show more complex stuffs to their pupils, and foster more independency in the schoolroom. You can merely reason that similar achievements on a wider graduated table can be achieved if ample engineering, support, and clip for instructors to larn and be trained in the engineering is provided to them, and if an academic and cultural construction exists to promote instructors to take an experimental attack to their work. Harmonizing to the federal No Child Left Behind Act, pupils should be engineering literate by the clip they complete 8th class. However non every kid has equal entree to engineering. Often, schools in flush vicinities offer pupils a richer and better engineering experience than schools in poorer territories. Furthermore, there is a engineering spread that does be and some say it merely continues to turn, chiefly between America ‘s center and lower categories. Many perceivers and research workers believe that engineering can assist better larning but merely if it is right deployed and exhaustively understood. â€Å" Technology in schoolrooms has to be distinguished from engineering in schools, † said Howie Schaffer, public outreach manager at the Public Education Network, an organisation working to reform public schools in low-income communities. For Papert ‘s aim to go effectual, engineering in schools must travel beyond holding a computing machine lab that pupils merely visit a few times hebdomadally for 20 or 30 proceedingss. A successful, technology-rich school must incorporate engineering into their course of study, and instructors should be trained to utilize the engineering to maximise its possible. In 2004 the mean American public school instructor merely had a lurid sum of eight hours of development on things that were determined classified engineering. In order for engineering to do any difference in the schoolrooms, is if the computing machines equipment is working decently, the instructors are good trained and it is integrated into the schools or instructors curriculum. Computer engineering is used in math, scientific discipline, the humanistic disciplines and in natural philosophies. The construct is non lost on federal functionaries. Tim Magner, deputy manager for the Office of Educational Technology at the U.S. Department of Education, understands that a good designed engineering program can better academic public presentation. The impact of engineering in the schoolroom depends to a great extent on its execution, he said. â€Å" Technology, when thoughtfully applied in the context of an overall instructional plan, can hold some pretty important effects. † Now Microsoft Technologies has agreed to assist develop instructors at schools that are willing and ready to accept the usage of computing machines in the schoolroom course of study, which is a large success even though some may see it as a immense hazard but that is non the instance. Equally good as assisting pedagogues improve their cognition of engineering and their method of fixing pupils, engineering can prosecute kids in the course of study when they may otherwise be disinterested.

Amusement Parks Essay Example for Free (#3)

Amusement Parks Essay * A rushing Feeling of anticipation and excitement takes over you as you’re taking the journey through the maze called the parking lot. * Arrive at destination and a million things trickle in your head similar to look how big this place is or which rides should I attend to first and many more. * Theme parks are a sense of liveliness. * Everywhere you look; crowds of people are in high-spirits and have a bundle of energy. * Children and teens of all ages dash over to rides to get in the front row. * There is laughter, people talking, people happy or down. * Kids tugging on their parents clothes to beg for things they want. â€Å"Mommy can I go on this ride?† * The main attractions are mainly the roller coasters and rides. This includes rides that twist, turn, flip, sling, go fast, go slow, and sometimes get you soaked in water. * Amusement Parks are so massive that people can get lost. * They provide maps that have pictures and the title of the certain events or places of the park this way people know where they want to go first and how to get out. * Some theme parks not only have rides but tamed and trained animals that can do tricks to entertain the audience and then there are animals that are behind glass windows casually walking around or doing something with their partners in the area they sleep in. Amusement Parks. (2017, Feb 03).

Characteristics of Business Leadership Assignment

Characteristics of Business Leadership - Assignment Example Paul Jobs, his father, was a machinist who gave young Jobs hands on experience with electronics and helped to fuel his curiosity and passion to work with electronics. It is during this time that the seed was planted and grew to make Jobs who he was, a global icon. Just to mention, Jobs had an adopted sister, Patti. Jobs was a cofounder and pioneer of Apple Computer Inc., Chief Executive of Pixar animation studios and founder of NeXT. His passion for electronics that started early in his life propelled him to admired heights in previously uncharted waters. Jobs helped to design the world of computer technology as we know it today. In his career, like many other successful of his peers, he had many challenges, most of which he managed to elude until he succumbed in October this year to cancer he had been fighting for 8 years. Steve Jobs was an inspiration to many in Silicon Valley as he saw potential in changing the approach on computer production and design of devices and equipment fo r corporate and industrial use. On his death, the computer world lost a brilliant mind, inventor and businessperson (Vivek, 2009). Steve Jobs did three main businesses in his life and at the time of his death, he was registered as an inventor or co-inventor of 342 United States patents and pending patents. All of these were geared towards improvement of the computing experience. In 1970, he and others formed Apple Computer Inc., but on leaving Apple in 1985 due to power struggles, his creative genius did not dampen but he went on to form NeXT computer and Pixar. The two firms were later acquired by Apple and Disney respectively. When starting his businesses, Jobs did not have much but his creative genius and genuine commitment to his hard work. The major challenges that Jobs faced during his business days included competition, power struggles, and hardship in selling his high quality and expensive products. As a startup corporation, the major competitor to Apple was IBM which had mo nopolized the market, making it almost impossible to sell Apple’s computers, though they were of a higher quality (Kahney, 2004). Competition between Apple and Dell computers resulted into a war of words between Jobs and CEO of Dell computers, Michael dell. Later, after Apple was up and running, a new CEO who did not like Jobs’ habit of innovating got him stripped of his duties on allegations of wastage of resources. Steve moved on to form other successful companies; NeXT and Pixar, and Apple had to enlist his services again to save it from an imminent collapse in 1996 (Kahney, 2004). 2. Analyze this business leader's leadership style and discuss how he or she has adapted to cultural differences and how he or she operates the business effectively in global markets Jobs was an aggressive perfectionist who tolerated nothing but the best from colleagues. Though a good boss, if one was not up to his standards, Jobs did not hesitate to terminate the employment, thought he d id so in the kindest words possible. Because of this, in 1993 he was termed by fortune magazine as America’s toughest boss. Employing only the best and being the best at what he did made him a trendsetter in innovation and style, in the growing computer world. Jobs had a hands-off policy when it came to his employees as he did not interfere with their innovation processes. He only communicated

The Gilded Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Gilded Age - Essay Example During the so called Gilded Age, the economy of America went up significantly by more than 400% between 1860 and 1900. During the same time, the United States Patent office gave out up to twelve times more patents than it had been the case in the past 70 years. There was also a notable increase in the productivity of the agricultural sector due to invention of farm machinery; â€Å"In 1872, the vast majority of Americans equated logging trees, plowing prairies, grazing grasslands and mining mountains with progress.† The same advancement was made in the factory sector. The business communication sector made a step with the invention of Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone which was developed on February 14th, 1876. The lighting of homes and the power required by the various factories in carrying out several of the operation were made possible by Thomas Edison. This was as from 6th December, 1977.Still on the American economy, the growing industrial sector made available the goods needed for the upcoming urban markets. This led to a shoot in the number of the urban dwellers due to migration of individual to urban centers, most of who came from Europe. As a percentage, those living in urban areas represented 40% of the total American population. This was an increase from the initial 20%. The immigrants wanted to get jobs in the expanding manufacturing sectors, and also to have a taste of the city-life.However, there is an irony regarding this economic development of the gilded age.The growing of this economy came with weighty negatives.

Press Release on Bhp Billiton Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Press Release on Bhp Billiton Issue - Essay Example He also hinted that Woodside has a current petroleum project in the pipeline which will greatly benefit from this take over during its current final stages. Woodside Chief Executive Peter Coleman readily agreed with the statement of Nasser. He explained to the gathered press people that the current project is currently on hold due to budget constraints. Continuing the project would entail another $900 million, an amount which Bhp readily agreed to produce in order to continue the project Nasser and Coleman detailed that the acquisition will start with the 24% holdings purchase of Royal Dutch Shell on Woodside. A move which shall ramp up into the full-blown take over of Woodside in the span of one year. Drawing on an example of a good merger, acquisition or takeover press release you have found on the internet, identify three elements you think are important in a press release of this type. (This is worth 25 % of this assignment and must be no more than half a page in length). A: The elements of a good press release commonly follow the 5 Ws. That is: Who, What, Where, When, Why. Answering these 5 basic questions will already make up the whole press release as these are the pieces of information that the readers are interested in finding out. Another element of a good press release would be the factual element. A press release is not a piece of advertising. Instead, it is all about accurate information dissemination. Finally, a press release must carry an aura of authority in its news.  

The glass menagerie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The glass menagerie - Research Paper Example This is because, in the rest of the characters, Williams finds an intersection between the themes he wishes to convey and the characters, though this point of intersection is highest in the person of Tom Wingfield. The Principal Characters of the Play Just as there are very many reasons to indicate that the main characters of the play are Amanda, Tom and Laura, so are there several reasons behind Williams' choice of them. Laura features in the play as the daughter of the Wingfields and Tom Wingfield's older sister as one of the principal characters. The aspect of Laura being a key figure in the play is underscored by the fact that it is her glass figurines that give the play its name and theme. The sufferings and setbacks that Laura has encountered culminate into her making a collection of glass figurines, as a way of creating a world of her own (Williams, Scene 1). Laura is introduced to suffering right from a nascent stage of life. A bout of childhood sickness strikes her, but beca use of the family's inability to afford timely quality medical services, she is left with a limp that eats into her personality and self-esteem. This low self-esteem causes her to become more isolated from the outside world. By disassociating her with the outside world, the same low self-esteem is definitely bound to eat into her exploits and potential. The author chooses the character of Laura Wingfield because she is the person who brings out explicitly, the consequences that accost the girl child, in light of absentee fatherhood. Secondly, she helps compound the theme of the difficulty in accepting reality the most. Reality has the weakest grasp on her, of all the Wingfields. She builds private world populated by glass animals. These objects, like Laura's inner life, are considerably fanciful but perilously delicate. In the person of Laura, the playwright finds the character in whom he can divulge on the psychological consequences of absentee parenthood and the sufferings it brin gs, on the child. Another character who features prominently in the play is Amanda Wingfield, the mother to Tom and Laura. A beautiful Southern lady who has been abandoned by her husband Mr. Wingfield, Amanda is Wingfield is trying to raise her children under dire financial situation. She longs for the comfort of her youth and for her children to have these comforts, but her inability to secure them turns her to hate them. The reason behind the playwright's choice of Amanda as a chief character of the play is that her experience and predicament set her to serve as the most express specimen of the psychological distress that single mothers bear. In the play, the disparity between her wishes for the comfort of her youth and their actual attainment of them is wide and persistent enough to aptly depict the harshness of life's reality and to inculcate bitterness upon Amanda. Thus, in the character of Amanda, the playwright is able to demonstrate the extent to which suffering can rob one of her personal aspirations and desires. Through the character of Amanda, Williams presents the complicated relationship that financially distressed and troubled single mothers have with reality. Amanda is partial to the values of the real world enough to maintain aspirations such as financial and social success. However, it is her firm attachment to these values that prevents her from coming to terms with life's

The growth of car industry in a developing country - CHINA, USA and UK Essay

The growth of car industry in a developing country - CHINA, USA and UK - Essay Example Two phases are Literature review and an original research. In original research, a questionnaire would help in supporting a few findings. Main focus of this research would be on the Literature Review that would actually help in 80% of the recommendations and findings. In the last, crux of all the findings would be discussed that would also identify the fuel influence so that to know if the petroleum is a restricted reserve and gasoline will perhaps develop into a very luxurious liveliness foundation. The assessment indicates the practicability of the UK car development in the sequential conditions and at in present creation forecasts about its prospective expansion trends. The literature review touches the comprehensive car industrialized industry to identify the causes of the decline in the United Kingdom car industry as well as the strengths and weaknesses of British car manufacturers. The methods for investigate are based on the examination of secondary data appropriate to the cla ssification of the trends in the UK automobile industrialized. Conclusions are made about the car-industrialized outputs in the UK and the anticipated ricochet in the production levels. Automotive production is the mounting at an unparalleled momentum in Asian district in the globe, mainly due to a saturating automotive manufacturing of a western world. China, India, & ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) countries are the main dynamic markets for Asian automotive trade. Asian Automotive Industry Outlook (2007 2011) testimony provides a purpose scrutiny on Asian Automotive industry to investigate the prospective opportunities and challenges faced by the production (Wire, 2008). The automotive trade designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the worlds motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, counting cars and profitable vehicles were fashioned global (OICA, 2007). In 2007, a entirety of 71.9 million innovative automobiles were sold

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 4 Essay - 1

MGM600-0803B-02 Applied Managerial Decision-Making - Phase 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example The equation for a regression analysis analyzes the relationship between one dependent variable and one or more independent variables (Curvefit 2008). In the regression equation, the dependent variable is modeled such that it is a function of the independent variables, constant, and an error term which is an estimation of the variations in the independent variable. A simple regression equation is one which tries to explain the dependent variable with a single explanatory for variable. For example, we know that the level of income of an individual can be explained by education, position, race, gender, and even age. When we would like to isolate the effects or relationship of income with race alone, this is called simple regression. However, when we take two or independent variables such as education, age, and race, then it is called multiple regressions (Curvefit 2008). Regression analysis has been a very useful tool in economists who are closely watching the relationship between variables. Regression analysis is used to forecast the GDP growth of the country by looking at the historic GDP data (Regression Analysis 2008). It is also used to determine the relationship between foreign exchange rate and the money supply in a given country. In business organizations, regression analysis is frequently utilized in order to make important decisions like pricing strategies (Regression Analysis 2008). WidgeCorp’s entry to the cold beverage sector should further be assessed by looking at the attractiveness of the market and the potential that it has in serving the customers. The company’s decision of coming up with a forecast of its monthly sales will be beneficial in decision of production levels. The monthly sales can be forecasted by using monthly sales as the dependent variable. In the regression equation, independent variables should include the amount investment in advertising, season, and time. The amount investment in advertising is important

The software architecture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The software architecture - Assignment Example The software application architecture is a basic structure that should meet all the software application requirements including technical as well as operational. The objective of developing software architecture is that the under development software application should qualify all the quality parameters defined in the architecture. The generic quality attributes include but are not limited to the performance, modifiability, reliability, interoperability, maintainability, portability, efficiency, effectiveness and security. It is pertinent to mention here that the advantages of using the software application cannot be achieved if the software application does not accomplish the quality parameters specified in the software architecture.   A definition of the software architecture provided by the Mary Shaw and David Garlan has been modified and refined by Grady Booch, Rich Reitman, Philippe Kruchten and Kurt Bittner. Moreover, the same has been provided by Microsoft at their website: â€Å"Software architecture encompasses the set of significant decisions about the organization of a software system including the selection of the structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is composed; behavior as specified in collaboration among those elements; composition of these structural and behavioral elements into larger subsystems; and an architectural style that guides this organization. There are few principles or guidelines require remembering while developing architecture of the software application.

4 Ways to Sustain Tourism Industry Essay Example for Free

4 Ways to Sustain Tourism Industry Essay Sustainable destinations have achieved balance. They have balanced the long-term economic needs of residents with the short and medium term needs of businesses. They have done this by creating a diverse and value-laden tourism product that attracts a mix of domestic and international guests, many of whom are repeat visitors and have made a personal financial commitment to the destination. Sustainable destinations are managed by well-trained and committed staff. They have an up-to-date tourism plan which focuses on sustainable tourism. They have the personnel, resources, and political commitment to implement and monitor the plan. Achievements are tracked and made public. Tourists are consulted and their opinions are considered in plans. Safety is taken seriously and plans and policies exist for crisis, security, fire, health and safety. See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Sustainable destinations reinvest the profits from their tourism activities in environmental conservation and historic restoration and preservation. They demonstrate a thriving culture, strong social networks and increasing biodiversity. They show effective planning, substantial land and marine protection, increased energy and water conservation, and a reduction in solid waste per guest over time. They have an effective recycling and wastewater sanitation program that is carefully managed. They have taken steps to reduce the carbon footprint of their activities. Sustainable destinations are internationally recognized, valued by tourists for their environmental quality, and receive increasing value from tourist stays. Assessment We start by working together to establish a long-term view of the destination landscape, identifying sustainability risks and strategic growth opportunities. We facilitate discussions with stakeholders, while utilizing our innovative tools and expertise to develop a clear plan of action. Planning As we design and implement initiatives, we’ll prioritize critical impacts, build local capacity and set achievable benchmarks. Over time, we’ll help you implement these programs, track their progress, and monitor your results. Standards and Monitoring Sustainable tourism standards are the genesis of quality tourism planning. Our place-based solutions focus on the needs of the destination, while assuring that local tourism businesses meet third-party verified levels of quality and sustainability.

Deontological ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological ethics Essay In life one must deal with moral and ethical dilemmas. â€Å"Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral obligation† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). It studies human moral behavior and how one should act. Ethics helps to explain how a person should feel about a particular situation. There are several groups of studies of ethics that defend and recommend concepts of right and wrong. The focus of this paper will be to describe three of the groups of within ethics, which are virtue theory, utilitarianism, and, deontological ethics. Afterward, it will show how virtue theory played a major part in a personal ethical dilemma. Virtue ethics is a classification within Normative Ethics that attempts to discover and classify what might be deemed of moral character, and to apply the moral character as a base for ones choices and actions† (Gowdy, 2009, Virtue Ethics, para. 1). The general perspective of virtue ethics is that one should choose their own personal excellence and contentment. If the person’s character is good, one should not be judged mainly by rules and customs. Virtue theory looks at someone’s habits of excellence for long term and forgives for minor mistakes. The Utilitarianism theory means â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Boylan, 2009, p. 153). â€Å"Utilitarianism is an ethical principle according to which an action is right if it tends to maximize happiness, not only the agent also of everyone affected† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). They focus on the acts of a person rather than ones motives. The moral action in this theory must be the greatest aggregate utility or the average utility. Bentham and Mills supported the theory of utilitarianism and created the pleasure principle. They believed that pleasure principle is a clearly identifiable end to what humans strive. â€Å"Deontological is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itself, is inherently right and not through any other sorts of calculations such as consequences to the action† (Boylan, 2009, p. 171). Deontology advocates the nature of principle. Moral principles are warranted through an understanding of the structure, reason and will. The foundation of commands in deontology involves laws and natural moral duties. Kant was a strong proponent of deontology and believed that people must act from duty. He argued that it is not the effects of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person. My moral dilemma relates to the virtue theory because of my family’s strong religious values and beliefs. My family nurtured me in a strict Catholic household and with high family religious morals. I performed all the Catholic rituals starting from when I was very young, such as first communion and all the way to confirmation. We went to church every Sunday and my family and I still continue the same rituals. I encountered my moral dilemma when I became pregnant before I was married. My family was very disappointed when they discovered I was pregnant and wanted us to get married right away. In the Catholic religion it is considered a major sin to have a baby out of wedlock. My boyfriend and I believed we were not prepared to get married at the time. Marriage is a strong sacrament in our religion as well. We did not want to rush into getting married just because of my family’s religious values. We married in Catholic Church two years after our son was born. Even though I lived my life as a respectable Catholic, I could not conform strictly to their rules. I had to decide what was best for my absolute moral value and character. In conclusion it is good to question ethics because one must decide from right and wrong. We have learned through virtue, utilitarianism, and deontological theories that there are different ways to rationalize a dilemma. The responsibility of an individual is to decide how to deal with each ethical situation to the best of our own abilities. It is from actual life experiences and ethical values that make us who we are. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic Ethics (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ethics. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam- webster. com/dictionary/ethic Gowdy, L. N. (2009). Ethic Morals. Retrieved from http://www. ethicsmorals. com/ethicsvirtue. html Utilitarianism. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/utilitarianism.

History Of The Compound Interest

History Of The Compound Interest The history of compound interest goes back thousands of years, at least to Babylon, the traditional for Israel. What compounding means is the adding of accumulated interest back to the principal so that interest is earned on interest from that moment on (Wickipedia; the peoples dictionary). This is far different than simple interest, which means that the principle remains separate from the interest, which is paid to the creditor at various intervals, and so is not added to the principal amount. In other word, compound interest is when you put your money in a bank, you will normally receive interest. Interest is a percentage received on the invested amount for a period of (usually) a year. Principal for compound interest: For example, say you invest RM1000 in a bank for 5 years at 5.00% interest per annum As you can see, your balance at the end of 5 years, using compounding is RM1276.30. However, if the simple interest calculation is used, you would only receive RM1250.00 at the end of 5 years. So basically, compounding allows the interest you receive at the end of each year to generate more interest for the following years of your investment period thus enhancing your total returns. Formula: When the interest is compounded once a year: A = P(1 + r)n However, if you borrow for 5 years the formula will look like: A = P(1 + r)5 This formula applies to both money invested and money borrowed. Frequent Compounding of Interest: What if interest is paid more frequently? Examples of the formula: Annually = P ? (1 + r) = (annual compounding) Quarterly = P (1 + r /4)4 = (quarterly compounding) Monthly = P (1 + r /12)12 = (monthly compounding) P = the principal (the initial amount you borrow or deposit) r = the annual rate of interest (percentage) n = the number of years the amount is deposited or borrowed for. A = the amount of money accumulated after n years, including interest. Compound interest from Malaysian perspective. This time I want to show a newslater I subscribe from the young Malaysian millionaire mr. Irfan Khairi. He tells about the power of compound interest when we had saving. Compound Interest is the most important tool that gives rich people in the world. The key is, can start saving as early as even a little, and discipline to keep the consistency. What is interesting here is where we select our saving store to provide high returns, the next great compound interest would be more shown again. He mentioned about the stores that can provide returns of 12% per year is, I is not no other a mutual fund or unit trust. Now in Pakistan, returns 12% is quite normal if you research the companies Mutual funds. Please read newslater the power of compound interest to know. The compound intereset is not how do people get rich easier but it is how to make sure people get rich. Wanted to know what way? Let me explain with a better viewer Imagine a baby when born, every day, his/her mother put RM1.00 to the fund for the baby, of dollars daily. Its a total of RM30 per month. Year, the amount to RM365. Continue into the reserve fund and when the baby was aged 40 years, the amount contained in the fund is RM14, 600. Money saved is not growth. Perhaps the funds used to upgrade to a larger fund. But, lets face it RM14, 600 from the storage for 40 years is not a large amount. Now, imagine if the money is stored in the storage unit yields of 12% per annum interest and RM1 in store every day since birth. Money should only RM14,600, now RM352, 943.18 after 40 years. RM352, 943.18? Where it came from the RM338, 343? This is the answer to the question of how to become rich for sure. Addition of RM338, 343 is coming from the compound (Compound Interest). Compound Interest is the most important tool that gives rich people in the world. Elbert Einstein was question of the compund Interest. Answers given by him is very easy. He said the compound interest is the greatest Invention of all time. Of course my example of the baby in the not quite logical. How much is a mother can enter RM1 each day until the baby is 40 years of age. However, my example is to show that the small savings that we, if invested in the long run, it will be great! I have contacts who know to take advantage of interest compounds. They are husband and wife simple. Husbands income is RM2,500. Wife income is RM2,500. They live modestly and not wasteful. So, to cover all expenses paid by husband-living homes, cars, food and drink and all the requirements for payment by the husband. Meanwhile, the wife of the store to pay the storage unit yields 12% (now in Pakistan, returns 12% is quite normal if you research the companies Mutual funds). A couple is actually in the road that will lead them to become millionaires. On how? Save RM2,500 per month and given 12% returns on their savings, they say start at the age of 25 years (married young). Before they reach 45 years of age and get wealth, amounting to RM2,473,138.41. Yes, almost RM2.5 million. And this is the only think that kept wages wife could not go up for 20 years. A couple achieved millionaire status in 38 years of age. All of this is the power of compound interest. If you are not excited by these figures, let me explain more about the kompound interest and the interest compounds the key to success. The key to interest compounds. That is, start by quickly. If you delay starting your savings, interest kompun delayed effects. The answer is very simple, infact, it is no longer a secret because in any personal finance books in the world, surely there is a telling chapter in this way. Means that 100% if used will make us millionaires. Yes, you too can become millionaires if this manner. No matter our background, no matter the level of intelegent us, no matter what our expertise, there is a way to be sure that someone is a millionaire. However, not many people really take advantage of this because of Islamic Religion especially forbidden to do so. The Quran explicitly mentions compound interest as a great sin. Usury (oppressive interest), known in Arabic as riba, is considered wrong. Compound interest from others perspective. Several writers I studied traced the concept of compound interest to the Sumerians, whose empire included fabled Babylon. Could it be that compound interest and its questionable value is another gift to us from Babylon, the kingdom and system against which God declares eternal vengeance? Although Jubilee justice of the Bible allows no interest to be charged to fellow Israelites, there may be some cases where reasonable simple interest is both just and necessary. Economists use the term opportunity cost to describe the cost of other lost opportunities when money is devoted to one cause, such as making loans. So perhaps a low amount of simple interest would reward one for using money to make a loan rather than spending it upon oneself. And theres the additional element of risk, which also needs reasonable compensation. But never should interest be charged on funds loaned to the poor for their subsistence, nor should unpaid interest be used as a reason for foreclosure on productive assets or personal dwellings. Our legal system generally protects moderate home equity from loss in bankruptcy cases, but not against foreclosure due to lapsed mortgages. Why not? The effect of compound interest Weve all seen articles on the wonders of compound interest. But most of us dont have large sums of money just lying around waiting to be invested wisely. So were going to see how us poor folks can apply compound interest to make a difference in our lives. Time and compound interest, however, are a double edged sword. That 14% interest youre paying on your credit card debt is actually much higher if you figure in compound interest. now lets get down to how us poor folks can take advantage of compound interest. Could you find a way to save RM5 per month? Maybe skip lunch at McDonalds or rent fewer videos each month. If you drive a lot you might save 2 gallons of petrol by getting rid of the extra weight in the trunk of your car. Maybe send a couple of handwritten notes instead of greeting cards. If you look and you really want to, youll probably find some way to save that $5 each month. But, at that rate itll take forever to save anything. Well, lets see. If we save RM5 per month, earn 5% interest compounded monthly and continue to do that for 10 years whatll we save? Well, well have saved RM600 (120 x 5). But the account will be worth RM776. Thats enough for a purchase or repair bill. You do not understand and have credit card debts. We people cannot save money. Oh, but youre wrong my plastic using friend. Lets suppose you take that RM5 per month and add it to your credit card payment. Youll actually do better than the saver. Lets assume that your credit card interest rate is 14% annually. After ten years youll have paid off an additional RM1,315 in credit card balance. More time magnifies the effects of compounding. Lets say you put some money away today at 5% interest. That money will double in about 14 years. If you left the interest in the account youd have twice as much money earning interest in years 15 through 28. Its like you were getting 10% interest on your original savings. By year 29 youll be earning 20% interest on your original savings! The rest of the account will earn a less depending upon how long its been in the account. Another great mind of the Twentieth Century, the philosopher and theologian Alfred North Whitehead, believed that everything in the universe is constituted by its relationships to other things. Whitehead is the source of what has come to be known as process thought. In addition to an intensity differential, there is another difference between simple and compound relationships. If my identity is constituted by my relationships, I need to take other people and other things seriously. In part, they make me who I am. Simple relationships are those in which I deny this fundamental reality and act like everything is about me. Compound relationships, on the other hand, are ones in which I recognize the truth: my life is indeed about me, but its also about other people and other things as well. Value comes from relationships that are both substantial and reciprocal. In terms of our everyday experience, simple relationships focus only on how useful or obstructive others are to helping us get what we want. Each person in our lives has a functional role: customer, sibling, competitor, parent, employee, investor, teacher, friend, boss, teammate, or subordinate. We also view the elements of the natural world in an instrumental way: air is to breathe, water is to drink, land is to develop, trees are to harvest, oil is to drill for, and crops are to engineer. When our national interest is defined one-dimensionally, other nations are either with us or against us, friend or foe, loyalist or traitor. The problem with this approach is that it severely limits the value we can create. This has become painfully clear to our nation in recent months. We are learning the hard way that much of what happens in the world is not about us and what we want. If democracy eventually comes to Iraq, it will come because the people of Iraq long for it, not because our military insists on it. Our mistake as a nation is not that we want freedom from tyranny for the Iraqi people. Our mistake is in believing that our view of things is the only one that must be taken into account. I am deeply troubled by the disdain for human dignity shown in the Abu Ghraib prison. But I am also troubled by how those actions mirror with appalling clarity our wide-ranging disdain for other interests and other points of view. Value comes from relationships that are substantial and reciprocal. We will always be better off when we understand the truth: our interests are compound.

Renaisance Education: Values and Purposes :: European Europe History

Renaisance Education: Values and Purposes The Renaissance was a time of change. It began in Italy during the 14th century, and spread throughout the North. People all over Europe were affected, for the better and for the worse. Some people finally had a chance to control their own fate. Others, like upper class women, lost their social status. The values and purposes of Renaissance education were to improve the society, increase the economy, and restore the religious beliefs. The social lives of people were greatly influenced by advancements in education during the Renaissance. More people then ever before were send to schools and educated. Schools for girls were built, and they were taught sewing, reading, writing, and dancing. Some of these schools even had teachers for singing and playing instruments. Upper class women were taught language, philosophy, theology and mathematics. But their education only prepared them for social life at home. Women lost political power, access to property and their role in shaping society. People were taught to understand and judge the writings of others. Courtiers, aristocrats and nobles were able to write poetry and text. By being well educated, having good penmanship, knowing how to ride, play, dance, sing, and dress well, men of high status gained respect and reputation. These skills also helped attain preference and support among princes. Nevertheless, the school system did not teach youth how to behave in daily life situations. They spent too much time on Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic. Those studies that were realistic, enlightened men's minds, and prepared them for life, were reserved for the Universities. Therefore, students had a slight understanding of the meaning and the true use of knowledge. They were only able to write Latin, which no one of judgement would want to read, and when they went to universities, they wasted their friends' money and their own time. Afterwards, they would return home again, as unsophisticated and uneducated as they were before. In addition, many individuals thought that having to many schools was a terrible thing. They believed that only a minority of men should study literature, because more farmers were needed than judges, more soldiers than priests, more merchants than philosophers, and more hard working groups than dreamy and thoughtful individuals. Italian humanist Piccolomini, who himself was educated, believed that philosophy and literature, should be taught to every individual, because these studies reveal the truths about the past, the reality of the present, and the prediction of the future. Renaisance Education: Values and Purposes :: European Europe History Renaisance Education: Values and Purposes The Renaissance was a time of change. It began in Italy during the 14th century, and spread throughout the North. People all over Europe were affected, for the better and for the worse. Some people finally had a chance to control their own fate. Others, like upper class women, lost their social status. The values and purposes of Renaissance education were to improve the society, increase the economy, and restore the religious beliefs. The social lives of people were greatly influenced by advancements in education during the Renaissance. More people then ever before were send to schools and educated. Schools for girls were built, and they were taught sewing, reading, writing, and dancing. Some of these schools even had teachers for singing and playing instruments. Upper class women were taught language, philosophy, theology and mathematics. But their education only prepared them for social life at home. Women lost political power, access to property and their role in shaping society. People were taught to understand and judge the writings of others. Courtiers, aristocrats and nobles were able to write poetry and text. By being well educated, having good penmanship, knowing how to ride, play, dance, sing, and dress well, men of high status gained respect and reputation. These skills also helped attain preference and support among princes. Nevertheless, the school system did not teach youth how to behave in daily life situations. They spent too much time on Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic. Those studies that were realistic, enlightened men's minds, and prepared them for life, were reserved for the Universities. Therefore, students had a slight understanding of the meaning and the true use of knowledge. They were only able to write Latin, which no one of judgement would want to read, and when they went to universities, they wasted their friends' money and their own time. Afterwards, they would return home again, as unsophisticated and uneducated as they were before. In addition, many individuals thought that having to many schools was a terrible thing. They believed that only a minority of men should study literature, because more farmers were needed than judges, more soldiers than priests, more merchants than philosophers, and more hard working groups than dreamy and thoughtful individuals. Italian humanist Piccolomini, who himself was educated, believed that philosophy and literature, should be taught to every individual, because these studies reveal the truths about the past, the reality of the present, and the prediction of the future.

Luxury Consumption Essay -- Business, Online Private Shopping Clubs

This is a literature review of online private shopping clubs a subcategory of luxury consumption. In this review, I will provide a brief orientation of luxury consumption and give further information about the latest consumer trend online private shopping clubs. The trend will be described in great detail and analysed. The term â€Å"luxury† is routinely used in our everyday life to refer to products, services or a certain lifestyle, often without a clear understanding of the luxury concept as it takes on many forms for different people and is dependent on the experience and mood of the consumer (Wiedmann et al, 2009). However, according to Danziger (2005), luxury may be defined as something inessential, but conducive to pleasure and comfort. It is derived from the Latin word â€Å"luxuria†, meaning â€Å"excess† or the â€Å"extras of life† (Danziger 2005). With this view in mind, luxury consumption could thus be described as the consumption of any good(s) for which the simple use or display of a particular branded product brings esteem for its owner (Wiedmann et al 2009). According to Echikson (1994), people want quality and value, but if prices were lowered, they assume that you are lowering the value and the quality. It could therefore be said that the higher the pri ce of a good, the more it is assumed the good is of a high value. Online private shopping club is the latest innovation in the age of e-commerce and is particularly widespread in several countries like USA, Germany, Spain, UK, Turkey and France. It is simply the sale of luxury designer goods online at discount prices. Constantinides et al. (2010) cite Internet World Statistics which assert that there are more than 1.5 billion internet users and this has affected globalization, trad... ...instead it might gain momentum because many consumers seek luxurious quality products at discount prices and there is a need for consumers to be associated with luxury brands and value. In addition, it is a convenient method of shopping that saves time. The recession left a lasting impact on consumer’s choices and behaviour towards consumption. As a result, consumers are willing to go through any means to acquire luxury goods at discount prices even though in some cases, they don’t need the goods, but the mere fact it’s inexpensive is an incentive for them to purchase the products and this has promoted the trend. Venture capitalists and online retailers like Amazon are acquiring online private shopping club to avoid missing out on this trend (Palmer, 2010). This shows that the consumer trend online private shopping club will grow and expand further for some time.

Influences Of The Renaissance Upon The Founding Of America :: essays research papers

The Renaissance was the most influential time period in the discovery of America. During the Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th century to the 17th century, great advancements were made in methods of navigation. Also, the greatest goal of almost every nation and empire was to claim new lands and seize its riches. The desire for the land motivated some to move westward. Another motive to expand during the Renaissance was the will to convert the native "heathens" into Christians. The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 1300s, was one of the largest periods of growth and development in Western Europe. Navigation was no longer limited to traveling about by land. Large fleets of ships were constructed, and great navigational schools, the best founded by Prince Henry the Navigator in Portugal, were founded. People were no longer tied to the lands they lived on, as they were in medieval times. They were freer to learn new skills and travel. These enabled people to go further than they had before. Fleets of ships were sent to the Eastern world to bring back treasures and valuable spices. Routes to Asia were traveled beginning in the early Renaissance. The most posing problems with the set routes to Asia, which went around the Cape of Good Hope and along the coast of Africa, were that it was very dangerous due to enemy colonies along the route and was also very long. These problems made some people, including Christopher Columbus, decide to turn to the west to find safer and faster routes to the riches of Asia. What they found was the Americas. Believing that he would reach Asia, Columbus accidentally found a new continent, full of new riches and unclaimed lands. All of this occurred near the end of the Renaissance, beginning with the founding of America in 1492, near the end of the 15th century. Europe flocked to this New World, and founded many colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies, founded by Great Britain, which later became the first states in the United States of America. From these colonies, they extracted the wealth of and gold and spices that they sought in Asia. Additionally, they would convert the native people of the lands to Christianity. Columbus saw himself as a messenger of G-d, who brought salvation to the natives by converting them. Missionaries were built wherever a colony was founded, and often along the route of an exploration.

Marketing in Global Environment Essay

Pre school children usually become angry when they are frustrated and they get frustrated when they cant comprehend what is going on and what they have to do in that current situation. Thus when they feel helpless and are unable to express their feelings verbally, they show anger. This is basically the positive sign in a sense that this aggression enables the child to create their own personality, which signals that they are getting growing up because of the learning they obtain from new circumstances. According to Lewis & Michalson, (1983) there are three components of anger; emotional state of anger, expression and then understanding of anger. In the first stage of emotional state the child feels that their needs are not fulfilled or their goal is unattainable. In daily classroom activities there may be conflict over possession of children’s accessories, like some children don’t like to share their things with other children. Moreover there may be fights between children, verbal taunt or teasing, or circumstances when children feel that they are being ignored with peers, parents or teachers and when kids don’t like to do what is ordered by the teacher or parents. All these are the reasons that cause children to get frustrated. The second stage is expression of anger, which children normally display through their facial expression, by crying and sometimes they become stubborn and do not bother to resolve the issue. Some children express their anger by taking revenge physically or through verbal taunting, complain to the teacher what he dislikes or by fighting with his other friends. The third stage address the understanding of anger, it involves understanding, interpreting and then evaluating the emotions because expression of anger is basically linked with the understanding of emotions. At this stage children learn from their teachers and parents on how to manage their feelings of anger, and how to react in those situations. Now I would like to explore the understanding and then managing anger, according to the (Lewis & Saarni, 1985), there is a cognitive process of children’s gradual development which includes memory, language and self referential and self regulatory behaviors. At the initial ages, children always remember in their memory; the situations and their solutions that what they have done at that prevailing situation and then it become very difficult to wash their brain if they are grow up with the wrong perception. Thus the teacher plays an important role in the growing of children because they are the ones who guide them on what they have to do in the situation they come across. Then comes language, as every child thinks differently and they have different perceptions, therefore the teacher has to be very careful and keep in mind the differences when teaching them on anger. The third and last one is self referential and self regularity behavior, now self referential behavior means seeing them as separate, independent and active, while self regulation refers to controlling their wishes and tolerating the consequences. What the teacher is supposed to do to deal with the anger, the most important task is to create a friendly climate where children can express their feelings and problems without being scared, listen to them, motivate them and they must help the children to develop self regulatory skills. Also, let them participate in all the classroom activities to increase their confidence, they can do so by telling them moral stories, with the help of role play or through games and different competitions, and the most important task is to involve parents as they are the ones who remain with them all the day. Hence teacher and parent both must coordinate to better understand the children. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to examine the child psychology, as every child is different. Furthermore, to understand how to treat children, in a way they want to be treated so they can be a better groomed for their future ahead. References: †¢ Marion. M. (April 27, 2009) Helping Young Children Deal with Anger. Retrieved 26th June 09. From the website: http://www. athealth. com/Consumer/issues/childsanger. html †¢ The Parent Report Radio Show. Aggression and Anger in Young Children. Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. theparentreport. com/resources/ages/preschool/development/650. html †¢ Center for Mental Health Services. Helping the Child Who is Expressing Anger. Retrieved 26th June’ 09 from the website: http://parentingteens. about. com/cs/youthviolence/a/childanger. htm †¢ Can Anger in Children be a Sign of Something Serious? ( 2008 ). Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. help-your-child-with-anger. com/anger-in-children. html †¢ Managing and Coping with the Angry Child. Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. angermgmt. com/children. asp

Gender Justice: What Does It Look Like? Essay

The contemporaneous debate on the term conjure upual practice justness has various di handssions. There excite been philosophical discussions on rights and responsibilities, man mission and autonomy semipolitical discussions on democratisation and right to vote legal discussions on the access to rightness. Typically, the term is apply to name mechanisms to promote wo manpowers position in society and their access to social parameters kindred health, literacy, information, dividing line and economic independence. dapple the stuffy attitude has been to assume the handed-down decrepit values as normal, more(prenominal) than(prenominal) cornerstone forward motiones devote tried to subvert the norms and altercate political attitude quo. The term is more and more universe used in perpetrate of sexuality equality and sex activity mainstreaming as the latter terms shoot more or less failed to communicate (Goetz, 2007, p20). In essence, grammatical sex act ivity justice is the ending of inequalities among men and women as thoroughly as the process to bring ab extinct the change.The capital of Red China resoluteness and Platform for Action at the Fourth get together earths General realness Conference on Women in 1995 essential member countries to ensure profound rights of twain men and women in all aras. It was recognise that in that location is a tendency of marginalization of womens issues as a discontinue and somewhat inferior status. sexual activity mainstreaming by which all strategies and policies by member countries would extradite a sexual practice perspective was agree upon (UNRISD, 2000).The realization that economic and social rights were in fact linked with political and intumesce-be deportd rights were alike translated in the sphere of gender justice. The dichotomies of rights in the context of womens rights surfaced acutely through the demands for mainstreaming of gender issues, that is the convictio n that womens rights were no different from human rights in former(a) spheres like health, discipline, freedom and justice. It was completed that without the right to legal claims, women could not promise to receive justice in rectifytlements like land, property or divorce. Without literacy and education, women did not have the understanding of their rights. And, women had a right to m other(a)liness as much as the survival of the fittest for the number of children to bear and the right to a healthy life (UNRISD, 2000).The conservative onrush to gender issues, however, concerned themselves with womens take and not rights. There was a consult denial of approaching problems of sexual and fruitful health, or lack of access to inviolable and clean drinking water, sanitation, health cautiousness and education as matters of infrastructure inadequacies and hence denial of human rights and distributive justice. Womens activists, on the other hand, considered womens legal rights and the indivisibility of human rights in gender lines as fundamental to enable women to participate fully in the economic and social framework (UNRISD, 2000).Gender is a social construct that defines roles and responsibilities of men and women, regulating the role of sexuality, choice of occupations by men and women and the stereotypes. Typically, men hold positions of berth crimson in democracies. Only 14 part of the countries have achieved 30 percent example of women in the parliament, as set out in the Beijing Declaration of 1995. Women have less access to and go over of economic powers, rewarded for less remuneration than men for the same work, treated differently in global trade.Women receive less education than men have to walk large distances to collect drinking water, thereby locomote under fire(predicate) to violence sexual and reproductive health problems result in disorder and disability to women more number of women macrocosm victims of HIV/AIDS because of r estrictions on women being able to practice safe sex and having access to HIV testing and cargon services women catch victims of gender-based violence and pagan taboos. On the whole, the mainstreaming of gender has mostly failed because the approach towards integrating women in the society does not challenge existing power equations. Women have act to be offered stereotyped jobs, not receiving equal training and education and meagre resources for womens mainstreaming (Oxfam).By the time the issue for gender justice came up for a review in the Special school term for the Beijing +5 in 2005, the solid ground had greatly changed. Political and economic changes nearly the world had shattered the faith in the current state of gender justice measures weaponed in various countries. subsequently the end of the Cold war, women had suffered disproportionately more from conflicts in postcolonial societies, calling for attention towards genderjustice. In 2004, the United Nations Secu rity Council passed the marge resolution 1325, calling on politicss to cling to rights of women in conflict argonas. Despite the resolution, however, women continued to be victims of domestic violence and b minuscule in conflict areas (MacMohan, 2004). For galore(postnominal), the failure of gender mainstreaming was the result of its de-politicization, by which it was aimed to be achieved however in an instrumentalist manner. It was not mathematical to commence a way to implement gender-mainstreaming program without challenging the political status quo.Through the nineties, there was hope for increase gender justice, emanating from the establishment of democracies in some(prenominal) countries. Womens rights did witness considerable improvement, disrespect the conditions did not challenge the status quo because of the low base of the 1980s. From a global norm of 6 percent womens representation in home(a) parliaments in the 1980s, the role grew to 12 percent in the 199 0s (UNRISD, 2000). Women have become more prompt in mainstream politics as well as in grass base politics. Although womens issues have become outstanding and womens groups have become more vocal, gender issues are free even off less of concern in mainstream politics, generally male, of most countries, in particular in the non-democratic world.In the Islamist world, typically, womens participation has been all the more noticeably absent. Although there is the implicit surmise that debates about democracy are gender-neutral issues, struggles for citizenship rights in countries like Iran have been naturally comprehensive of women (UNRISD, 2000). Among political parties, the African National sexual relation (ANC) has been one of the most progressive ones with take in to gender issues. Yet, gender justice that has been achieved in South Africa has been a domain of the elite society.In the new millennium, gender justice has remained unfulfilled. The world is witnessing a diff erent economic power equation than in the precedent decade. magic spell gender mainstreaming has lost its political validity as a doer for social transformation, the economic and political mode has become all the more adverse for gender justice.With globalization, the traditionalistic economic dealingships, including genderrelationships, are crumbling down. The classical patriarchy, dependent on the male property ownership and family read/write headship notion, had given(p) rise to the urban fordist gender governance male bread earner/ charish house maker in the westerly world in the 1950s and 1960s, also duplicated in some parts of the growth world. Economic development and increase ambition has meant that the male salary earnings are not sufficient for the increasing uptake patterns. Brenner (2003) notes that incorporation of women in the work suck and their increased access to education and literacy has brought feminism in the forefront of organized politics (ci ted in Dhawan, p2). Women activists are not increasingly becoming more vocal in national politics but also on global issues. At the same time, marginalized women are becoming even more vulnerable to global capital reorganization. realnesswide, women are go about the brunt of longer working hours, impoverishment, economic hazard and forced migration and urbanization. Working class women find themselves in the crossroad of development and reactionary policy and continue to remain, if not become increasingly so, victims of fundamentalism, economic insecurity and a complex web of power relations (Kaplan, 1999, cited in Dhawan, p3). Pressures of structural adjustments imposed on many trio World countries have given rise to fundamentalism, which stem from the traditional patriarchal powers and victimize women even more. The acclivitous capitalist structures of many of these societies have eat at the protection of the traditional patriarchy that women used to have earlier.Women in the three World are at the crosshead of both powerful forces one, the nationalist agenda that is inherently masculine in which women are evaluate to follow traditional roles while the men are free to participate in the political arena, and two, global capital, which forces women to participate in the economic field, overpowering the nationalist agenda. While in the west, women of color feel that the libber agenda is essentially white-oriented, in the troika World, the political interests of working class women are marginalized. Over and above this, women from the South are dominated over by the women of northeastern (Mohanty, 1999, cited in Dhawan, p4). As Saunders (2002) says,What is clear is that from the in truth founding of women, gender and development the womens point of view was not ludicrous but heterogeneous and multiple. This continue to require a challenge to the dominant western sandwich feminist will to enforce a gynocentricphilosophy and practice, which centers and magnifies patriarchal power and marginalizes other vertical social relations (quoted in Varela, p2).The dominance of western feminists over the Third World is evident in George chaparrals claim that the US War on Afghanistan was aimed to free the women from oppression. The demand for such(prenominal) freedom was generated essentially by feminist organizations in the west since 1997 to deny investments to the Taliban. such(prenominal) claims, however, ignored that the Taliban initially drew its powers from the westside itself, which used it as a force to resist Soviet Russias occupation of the country.The system of micro-credit financing in the Third World has been another form of denying gender justice. There has been a proliferation of such institutions in the Third World and the most boffo ones have been the ones that provide small loans to women. These NGOs typically receive their funds from the World aver and USAID (Dhawan). Although these organizations apparently target womens economic independence, what they essentially achieve is to integrate women with the internal economy all the more, by exploiting their children, particularly daughters, to get the work done. Besides, the micro-credit institutions reinforce the traditional values of morality and maternal virtues in order to bypass the role of government and regulated development. Credit-baiting has been a means to turn gender justice on its head and make it an instrument for exploitation and imperialism (Spivak, 1999, cited in Dhawan).Most feminists find the component of charwoman in Western culture is generally associated with the voice of the Other, that of the inconsequential or the child. This is a voice, he stresses, that the dominant mores of western societies time and again disregarded or took no notice of. steady today, disrespect its nearly two hundred eld of history, womens literature, enriched and endowed with many attributes and diminutive insights, is unchanging branded a s the voice of the man-hating feminists. Theorists like Helene Cixous and Julien Kristeva attempt to answer the questions that many women writers may have themselves tried to find. wherefore have womens voices been missing in a plentiful practice of verbiage that crosses over two thousandlong time? Is it just because women are not allowed in the realm of education that would have enabled them into the speech-society? Or, is there in fact a signalize way of communication in the womans world, in a queer language, which has made it hard for women to connect with the world-at-large (Jasken)? every(prenominal) woman has known the torture of number one to speak aloud, laments Cixous and says, heart tanning as if to break, occasionally falling into red of language, ground and language slipping out from under her, because for woman speaking even just opening her mouth in public is something rash, a transgression (Cixous, 1975).Thus, the plan of gender justice is complex and eterna l. While the political aspects of womens exploitation and the effects of globalization are understandable, the attitude towards women has remained patriarchal. Even though womens voices have been raised louder in the present days, they are still a marginalized lot at home, in national politics as well as in the global area. whole kit and caboodle CitedBrenner, Johannna (2003). Transnational Feminism and the Struggle for spheric Justice, bleak Politics, 9(2)Cixous, Helene, Sorties, in The Newly natural Woman (1975, English translation, 1984). Retrieved from http//www.ac.wwu.edu/pamhard/338Cixous.htmDhawan, Nikita, Transnational feminist Alliances and Gender Justice, Second circumstantial Studies Conference, Sphere of Justice womens rightist Perspectives on Justice, http//www.mcrg.ac.in/Spheres/Nikita.pdfGoetz, A-M. (2007). Gender Justice, Citizenship and Entitlements Core Concepts, Central Debates and New Directions for Research, in Gender Justice, Citizenship and culture, eds. M. Mukhopadhyay and N. Singh, external Development Research Centre, Ottawa, pp. 15-57Julie Jasken, Helene Cixous. Retrieved from http//www.engl.niu.edu/wac/cixous_intro.htmlKaplan, Caren, et al, ed. (1999). Between Women and Nation Nationalism, Transnational Feminism, and the State, Durham, NC, Duke University PressMcMohan, Robert (2004). World Conference Seeks to sustain Gender Justice In involution Zones. Second precise Studies Conference. Spheres of Justice womens rightist Perspectives on Gender. Retrieved from http//www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/09/61093992-24a5-4cad-993d-ff92ba6f264a.htmlMohanty, Chandra Talpade (2003). Feminism Without Borders Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. London Duke University PressSaunders, Kriemild (2002). access Towards a Deconstructive Post-development criticism. In Kriemild Saunders (ed). Feminist Post-Development Thought. Rethinking Modernity, Post-Colonialism and Representation. London/ New York. Zed Books. knave 1-38Spiv ak, Gayatri, Chakravarty (1999). Critique of Postcolonial Reason. London/ New York Routledge.United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (2000). Gender Justice, Development and Rights Substantiating Rights in a Disabling Environment, 3 June. Retrieved from http//www.pogar.org/publications/other/unrisd/gender.pdfVarela, Maria do Mar Castro. project Gender Justice. Second Critical Studies Conference, Sphere of Justice Feminist Perspectives on Justice. Retrieved from http//www.mcrg.ac.in/Spheres/Maria.pdf

Travel Writing Coursework

The Volvo estate came slowly to a terminate out aspect a boarded up old grow house. A middle aged spell and terzetto adolescents clambered out the car to be met by the sugared rural billet. The sun sh star brightly onto them as they examined the landscape. They were contact by fields with a long beat up mode lying behind them. They all took a corner and hoisted the khaki Canadian boat from the go along of the estate then carefully lay it on the grass beside them. One of the male childs asked the small-arm which direction they were leaving and he replied by pointing see the gravely path which slowly merged into woodland in the distance.The man locked up the car checking it once more by drag the handle and gestured to his son to help lift the canoe. They lifted it up with a heave and began to carry surmount the path and into the woodland followed by the boys 2 friends. The cattle grazing in the field opposite the farmhouse mooed as they continued down the path. The fo ur of them took turns in circumstances carry the canoe. The woodland became more thick and the acid netals brushed at there bare ankles. The bushes and trees were litter with beer cans and plastic bags left by youths.The mans son considered what this was doing to the animals home argument and felt a slight sense of misdeed as he new he had do exactly the same in the chivalric. The sound of the river became clearer and the afforest came to a T junction . The man led the way with the canoe and took the right turning. After about a hundred yards they came to a stop carefully placing the gravy holder on the ground again. Before them lay the river. leash or four anglers stood at the side of the beach, one of them acknowledging them by saying what a lovely summers solar day it was.The man was a keen fisherman himself and asked if the new(prenominal) man had caught anything. He replied by shaking his question he said The fish dont give care substantial weather. The rivers are far too over fished he thought to himself, its such a shame that some of the rarer fish were dying out. He then shake his head and told the boys to sit in the gravy ride. They did so and he pushed the boat with his might into the murky green water. The boat wobbled about and then stabilized itself, the boys pulling it to the side. The boys gaged nervously.The man then wobbled the boat vigorously to show that it would catch a lot to tip it over, the boys shouting at him to stop. He laughed and stopped. Then he handed the boys their seesaws and gave them a few last words of advice. The boys waved him goodbye and he shouted at them to ring him when they wanted pickaxe up. They were on their own now, at one with nature. They order the boat round the first corner past a few branches in the water. Reeds grew each side of the river and made their path very narrow.The boys struggled to direct the boat around the winding corners trying not to doss down into the reeds around them. Bracken and stinging netals were visibly culmination up ahead and the mans son told them to go rightful(a) through the middle as they lay either side sprouting through the reeds. The larger of his two of his friends began to wobble without informing the other one and the boat headed true(p) into the bracken and netals. They all panicked shouting not to tip the boat over. The boat went straight into the side and they were all stung and pricked by the thorns only if the boat stayed stable and they sighed with relief.The river opened up and the banks became wider and had no reeds or bracken at the side. They relaxed and let the river travel the boat down stream by itself. The boys basked in the sun and chatted about football and women. Floating on the waters surface lay more cans of beer bobbing up and down. The larger boy contemplated the reason why these wad only when through their litter into the river. He came to the end that it was a mixture of laziness and thoughtl essness. He pondered what the consequence the beer had on the water and what an animal would do if it became pin down in one of the cans.He was snapped out of his thoughts by a hissing ramble and the shouts of his friend as he politely told it to go away. His friend slapped his paddle at it as the other two rowed the canoe away from the animal. They all relaxed again as the swan disappeared back into the distance. Everything was calm again and the boy that had swung his paddle at the swan was now happy. A hulky white boat was now coming at them head on and the boys swerved the boat around it like an adder through water.They boy thought what the fume coming of the back of the white boat would be doing to the water. He thought of how the fish were being poisoned and the air around the river was being turned into the kind of substantial hazy air youd expect in a city centre. The boat drew closer to its culture and one of the boys asked a walker on the bank if they new how far it would be to the taphouse. Just around the corner they answered and the boys thanked them and were happy they were nearly. They paddled the boat around the corner and the pub came into sight.They approached it slowly scanning the bank for a power to park the boat. They spotted a gap in between a large patch of reeds and paddled into it. The boy at the front climbed out first followed by the mans son and the tall boy. They all grabbed a department of the boat and yanked it as hard as thinkable out the water and onto the bank. They lifted the boat of the ground and made the short walk with it to the pub. They sat down in a heap take exhaustion on one of the wooden tables outside the pub. They reproducible a plate off chips and reviewed their hard long time work.The plate was empty and the boys tonic had arrived to take them home. They lay the canoe on top of the car again and strapped it in place. They all got inside the car and the boys dad had asked if had went well. They a ll agree it had been a good laugh and it was a lot of fun. In front of them a man opened his window and dropped out a hand full of rubbish. The boys all thought to themselves what were we doing to the purlieu and how we were ruining it for our next generations and animals. The car drove off and the boys sat there in silence just thinking.